Supportive Data for Galectin-3 as a Prognostic Factor in Coronary Artery Disease

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Clinical Biochemistry, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran

2 Cardiac surgeon ,Department of Open Heart Surgery, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran

3 Epidemiologist ,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran

4 Clinical Biochemistry ,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Galectin-3 is known as a biomarker in patients with heart failure. This protein participates in different mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis including inflammation and plaque formation. This study was conducted to investigate whether this factor could be a predictive biomarker for the severity of atherosclerosis.
Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 80 patients with coronary atherosclerosis referred to the Department of Cardiac Surgery of Ghaem Hospital, affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The serum level of galectin-3 was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), evaluated by the serum levels of galectin-3, was expressed as the number of involved vessels.
Results: Galectin-3 concentration was directly correlated with the number of involved vessels.The serum level of galectin-3 was significantly higher in patients with four involved vessels (20.76±7.20 ng/ml) than those with three-vessel disease (14.31±4.45 ng/ml; P<0.001). Patients with three-vessel disease had higher levels of galectin-3 than patients with one and two involved vessels (7.20±4.09 ng/ml; P<0.001).
Conclusion: The relationship between the number of vessels involved and the concentration of Galectin-3 was statistically significant. According to the results, serum galectin-3 level is considered as a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of preliminary assuming the coronary artery involvement. Although this study needs further detailed investigations with preferably larger sample size, the results of the present study highlighted the importance of this factor in CAD. This protein can help in early evaluations for preliminary determining the prognosis before the complementary aggressive intervention.

Keywords


1.         Hatmi Z, Tahvildari S, Motlag AG, Kashani AS. Prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors in Iran: a population based survey. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007;7(1):32.
2.         Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, J. Howard V, Rumsfeld J, Manolio T, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2006 update a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006;113(6):e85-e151.
3.         Bakaeean B, Kabiri M, Iranfar H, Saberi MR, Chamani J. Binding effect of common ions to human serum albumin in the presence of norfloxacin: investigation with spectroscopic and zeta potential approaches. Journal of Solution Chemistry 2012; 41(10): 1777-1801.
4.         Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3481-8.
5.         Mallika V, Goswami B, Rajappa M. Atherosclerosis pathophysiology and the role of novel risk factors: a clinicobiochemical perspective. Angiology. 2007;58(5):513-22.
6.         Koenig W, Khuseyinova N. Biomarkers of atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27(1):15-26.
7.         Gao X, Balan V, Tai G, Raz A. Galectin-3 induces cell migration via a calcium-sensitive MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. Oncotarget. 2014;5(8):2077.
8.         Radosavljevic GD, Pantic J, Jovanovic I, Lukic ML, Arsenijevic N. The two faces of galectin-3: roles in various pathological conditions. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2016;17(3):187-98.
9.         Hamed-Akbari Tousi Sh, Saberi MR, Chamani J. Comparing the Interaction of cyclophosphamide monohydrate to human serum albumin as opposed to holo-transferrin by spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods: evidence for allocating the binding site. Protein and peptide Letters. 2010; 17(12): 1524-35.
10.       Nachtigal M, Al-Assaad Z, Mayer EP, Kim K, Monsigny M. Galectin-3 expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am j of pathol. 1998;152(5):1199.
11.       Iurisci I, Tinari N, Natoli C, Angelucci D, Cianchetti E, Iacobelli S. Concentrations of galectin-3 in the sera of normal controls and cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(4):1389-93.
12.       Wang X, Zhang S, Lin F, Chu W, Yue S. Elevated Galectin-3 Levels in the Serum of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015 Dec;30(8):729-32.
13.       Falcone C, Lucibello S, Mazzucchelli I, Bozzini S, D'Angelo A, Schirinzi S, et al. Galectin-3 plasma levels and coronary artery disease: a new possible biomarker of acute coronary syndrome. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24(4):905-13.
14.       Bacaksız A, Ismailoglu Z, Sarbay A, Kucukbuzcu S, Kul S, Tasal A, et al. Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Patients Undergoing First-time Diagnostic Coronary Angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013 Oct 29;62(18 Supplement 2):C185.
15.       Weigert J, Neumeier M, Wanninger J, Bauer S, Farkas S, Scherer MN, et al. Serum galectin-3 is elevated in obesity and negatively correlates with glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(3):1404-11.
16.       Ozturk D, Celik O, Satilmis S, Aslan S, Erturk M, Cakmak HA, et al. Association between serum galectin-3 levels and coronary atherosclerosis and plaque burden/structure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(5):396-401
17.       Jin QH, Lou YF, Li TL, Chen HH, Liu Q, He XJ. Serum galectin-3: a risk factor for vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin Med J. 2012;126(11):2109-15.
18.     Yu X, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Yang Z, Gao Y, et al. Prognostic Value of Plasma Galectin-3 Levels in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and Chronic Heart Failure. Int heart j. 2015;56(3):314-8.
19.       Beiras-Fernandez A, Weis F, Rothkopf J, Kaczmarek I, Ledderose C, Dick A, et al. Local expression of myocardial galectin-3 does not correlate with its serum levels in patients undergoing heart transplantation. Ann Transplant. 2013;18:643-50.
20.       Madrigal‐Matute J, Lindholt JS, Fernandez‐Garcia CE, Benito‐Martin A, Burillo E, Zalba G, et al. Galectin‐3, a biomarker linking oxidative stress and inflammation with the clinical outcomes of patients with atherothrombosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(4):e000785.
21.       Ginsberg E, DeFilippi C, Gottdiener J, Christenson R, End C, Seliger S. GALECTIN-3 PREDICTS CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN OLDER ADULTS. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63 (12 Supplement):A771.
22.       Ho JE, Liu C, Lyass A, Courchesne P,  Pencina MJ, Vasan RS, et al. Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac fibrosis, predicts incident heart failure in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(14):1249-56.
23.       Tang WW, Shrestha K, Shao Z, Borowski  AG, Troughton  RW, Thomas  JD, et al. Usefulness of plasma galectin-3 levels in systolic heart failure to predict renal insufficiency and survival. Am J Cardiol . 2011;108(3):385-90.
24.       Ghaderabad M, Mansouri M, Beigoli S, Sharifi Rad A, Mehrzad J, Saberi MR, Chamani J. A comparison of the inclusion behavior of human serum albumin and holo transferrin with fluoxymesterone in the presence of three different cyclodextrins. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society. 2017; 14 (7): 1347-1364.
25.       Felker GM. Galectin-3 in Heart Failureâ Linking Fibrosis, Remodeling, and Progression. European Cardiology. 2010;6(2):33-36.
26.       MacKinnon AC, Liu X, Hadoke PW, Miller MR, Newby DE, Sethi T. Inhibition of galectin-3 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Glycobiology. 2013;23(6):654-63.
27.       Papaspyridonos M, McNeill E, de Bono JP, Smith A, Burnand KG, Channon KM,  et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Galectin-3 is an amplifier of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque progression through macrophage activation and monocyte chemoattraction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(3):433-40.
 
28.       Al-Ansari S, Zeebregts CJ, Slart RH, Peppelenbosch M, Tio RA. Galectins in atherosclerotic disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2009;19(5):164-9.